What Is the Logan Act

The Logan Act is an early federal law that prohibits private citizens from conducting foreign policy on behalf of the United States. No one has ever been convicted under the Logan Act. Although the law has never been used, it is often discussed in political contexts, and it has remained on the books since it was passed in 1799. Key Takeaways: The Logan Act The Logan Act of 1799 is an early federal law prohibiting unauthorized diplomacy on behalf of the United States.No one has ever been convicted of violating the Logan Act. Despite never being enforced, the Logan Act remains in effect to this day and is often mentioned in political contexts. Its perhaps fitting that the Logan Act is frequently mentioned in political contexts, as it was conceived in the contentious political climate during the administration of Federalist John Adams. It was named for Dr. George Logan, a Philadelphia Quaker and Republican of the era (meaning he was aligned with Thomas Jefferson, not the president day Republican Party). In the 1960s, there were calls for the Logan Act to be used against protesters of the Vietnam War. Calls for it to be used against Rev. Jesse Jackson in the 1980s were tamped down by President Ronald Reagan. The New York Times, in an editorial published in 1980, referred to the law as quaint and suggested it be scrapped, but the Logan Act has endured. Origins of the Logan Act A trade embargo imposed by France in the late 1790s created serious diplomatic tensions which prompted the French to imprison some American sailors. In the summer of 1798 a Philadelphia physician, Dr. George Logan, sailed to France as a private citizen and sought to improve relations between the two countries. Logans mission was successful. France released American citizens and lifted its embargo. When he returned to America, Logan was hailed by the Republicans as a hero but was severely criticized by the Federalists. The Adams administration decided to take action to prevent private citizens from conducting American foreign policy and a new law to address the situation was introduced in Congress. It passed through Congress and was signed into law by President Adams in January 1799. The text of the law is as follows: Any citizen of the United States, wherever he may be, who, without authority of the United States, directly or indirectly commences or carries on any correspondence or intercourse with any foreign government or any officer or agent thereof, with intent to influence the measures or conduct of any foreign government or of any officer or agent thereof, in relation to any disputes or controversies with the United States, or to defeat the measures of the United States, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. This section shall not abridge the right of a citizen to apply, himself or his agent, to any foreign government or the agents thereof for redress of any injury which he may have sustained from such government or any of its agents or subjects. Applications of the Logan Act Legal scholars believe the law may be unconstitutional, as it is so broadly written. But because it is never used, there has not been a court case in which it has been challenged. Following the criticism of his trip to France, and the peculiar distinction of having a law named for him, Dr. George Logan was elected as a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. He served from 1801 to 1807. After returning to private life, Logan himself seemed not to care about the law carrying his name. According to a biography of Logan written by his widow following his death in 1821, he had traveled to London in 1809, at a time of increasing tensions between the United States and Britain. Logan, acting again as a private citizen, sought to find a solution to avoid war between the two nations. He made little progress, and returned to America in 1810, two years before the outbreak of the War of 1812. There were two cases of attempted indictments under the Logan Act in the early 19th century, but the cases were dropped. No one has ever come close to being convicted of it. Modern Era Mentions of the Logan Act The Logan Act comes up when private citizens seem to be getting involved in diplomatic endeavors. In 1966, Staughton Lynd, a Quaker and college professor, traveled to North Vietnam with a small delegation on what he termed a fact-finding mission. The trip was very controversial, and there was speculation in the press that it might violate the Logan Act, but Lynd and his colleagues were never prosecuted. In the 1980s, Rev. Jesse Jackson embarked on some well-publicized trips to foreign countries, including Cuba and Syria. He obtained the release of political prisoners, and there were calls for him to be prosecuted under the Logan Act. The Jackson controversy ended in July 1984 when President Ronald Reagan said he believed no laws had been violated by Jacksons travels. In a more recent invocation of the Logan Act, critics of President Donald Trump contended his transition team violated the law by dealing with foreign powers before officially taking office. True to form, the Logan Act was mentioned, but no one was prosecuted for violating it.

Culture and Music of the 70s Essay - 1846 Words

Culture and Music of the 70s Music is an outlet to all aspects of life and culture is a significant way of forming people and the way they live. Although not always seen directly culture has an overbearing influence on the music that is produced and made popular. The political Climate of the early seventies was full of fire with issues such as Vietnam and constant protest throughout the county. Later in the 70’s the end of the Vietnamese conflict brought the rise of the Watergate scandal and Iran Contra. These issues swept headlines and ingrained people’s thoughts. Social issues also played a big role in the developing culture of the seventies. Protests and constant outbreaks about gay rights and women’s rights seemed to†¦show more content†¦Combining with the motif of protest was the issues of women rights. Women celebrated the 50th anniversary of the 19th amendment, and liberal abortion laws in the year of 1970. No longer merely entertainment, popular music became a powerf ul means of protest and an effective force for social change. The whole feeling of fighting for what is right was often found in lyrics and music of the time. Although women had been in the music industry for centuries the song of the seventies that backed the idea of woman’s push for power was â€Å"I Am Women,† by Helen Reddy. The first line simply stats the mood of the whole song by stating, â€Å"I am women, hear me roar.† As the nations excitement to protest continued to bolster an incident occurred that put a damper to the glitter. During an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, the National Guard is told to move in and calm protesters. In result they open fire on unarmed students, killing four students and wounding eight others. This caused national uproar of protest and flashed the headlines across the county. Shortly after the horrific event, Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young recorded â€Å"Ohio†, which drew attention to and in memory of the wasteful deaths of the Kent State Protest. The first two linen of the song read, â€Å"Tin soldiers and Nixon coming, We’re finally on our own,† which puts blame on Nixon and his involvement with the Vietnam War and shows the individualismShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War And The Cold War946 Words   |  4 PagesIn some eyes, society had a way prior to the 60 s to fixate only on what certain people thought were appropriate. Aspe cts such as the masculinity of America, white prowess, and the professional look, in a sense plagued America and beyond. Also, the United State s government was war hungry, after WW2 we put ourselves in conflicts: the Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Cold War. These were truly scary times for the people. 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An Explanation of Buffering in C++

Buffer is a generic term  that refers to a block of computer memory that serves as a temporary placeholder. You might encounter the term in your computer, which uses RAM as a buffer, or in video streaming where a section of the movie you are streaming downloads to your device to stay ahead of your viewing. Computer programmers use buffers as well. Data Buffers in Programming In computer programming, data can be placed  in a software buffer before it is processed. Because writing data to a buffer is much faster than a direct operation, using a buffer while programming in C and C makes a lot of sense and speeds up the calculation process. Buffers come in handy when a difference exists between the rate data is received and the rate it is processed.   Buffer vs. Cache A buffer is temporary storage of data that is on its way to other media or storage of data that can be modified non-sequentially before it is read sequentially. It attempts to reduce the difference between input speed and output speed. A cache also acts as a buffer, but it stores  data that  is expected to be read several times to reduce the need to access slower storage.   How to Create a Buffer in C++ Usually, when you open a file, a buffer is created. When you close the file, the buffer is flushed. When working in C, you can create a buffer by allocating  memory in this manner: char* buffer new char[length]; When you want to free up the memory allocated to a buffer, you do so like this: delete[ ] buffer; Note: If your system is low on memory, the benefits of buffering suffer. At this point, you have to find a balance between the size of a buffer and the available memory of your computer.

Beyond Disciplinary Confinement And Imaginative...

Osazuwa Osayomwanbor 200345160 Sociology/Social Studies Reading Summary (SOST 801) Topic: Beyond Disciplinary Confinement to Imaginative Transdisciplinarity. INTRODUCTION The society today is faced with various problems. Some have always been there, others are new to us, yet others have evolved from their older modes and taken new dimensions. For example we are not strangers to issues of democratization, but certainly are faced with the changing mode of war and terrorism. And then, new issues may include climate change. Whatever the category, man’s eternal struggle is to be able to resolve the issues that confront or threaten its existence. To do this man depends on knowledge gained from studying the problems. However, as problems evolve, they seem to become resistant to existing approaches, or at least, we seem not to be able to resolve them using existing approaches. Thus those problems become wicked problems. In this chapter, we discuss how such problems can be resolved using transdisciplinary approach. WHY TRANSDICIPLINARITY? The relevance of the transdisciplinarity approach is seen in the nature of the problem. Since problems are now multidimensional, then we agree that a single approach will not sufficiently resolve it (Brown 2010:16). Hence we need a transdiciplinary approach. In chapter two of Brown (2010:16), there are some other reasons why we need a transdiciplinary approach to wicked problems. They are: 1. Existing scientific approaches are to specialized or

Career Plan Building Activity Reasoning Aptitude Free Essays

Completing the Career Plan Reasoning Aptitude Survey my profile shows that I could work well in careers where success comes from applying practical skills and where thinking is used mostly to solve practical problems. It also states that I am likely to be attracted to very practical jobs and careers. There are two tabs, Strengths and Opportunities for the results of the Reasoning Aptitude Survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Plan Building Activity: Reasoning Aptitude or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first tab Strengths has five bars and out of five bars I received three for each of the six categories. The six category results show I focus on customer needs and satisfaction, sets high standards for both quality and quantity, works in an orderly way, and achieves project goals. I show an interest in new experiences, I am punctual, follows instruction, safety instructions and requirements of their role, adapts to changing circumstances, and I adapt interpersonal style to suit different people or situations. The next tab is opportunities and there are also 5 bars for score and six categories, on opportunities I received one bar out five and I am unable to get the results to these categories. My thinking style can help influence my approach to arguments by being more in tune with the different ways people understand and learn things and how I approach these methods of understanding. Consider how to best respond to others whether it is information for a meeting or another co worker and evaluate how each person will receive the information. By learning how to approach others and understand how each person learns will allow me to be able to communicate persuasively with others and build a rapport with others. How to cite Career Plan Building Activity: Reasoning Aptitude, Papers

The Nurse, Romeo and Juliet free essay sample

The nurse is the Capulet’s servant, a faithful servant who tries her hardest to please Juliet and the rest the Capulet’s at the same time. The nurse is also a very important character in the play in the Capulet’s lives as she was hired for the job of breastfeeding Juliet, because she had unwanted breast milk due to the tragic loss of her little Susan; although she might just be another servant in the household, she has a far more superior responsibility. She plays an important role as Juliet’s confidant, and a crucial character that strongly influences Juliet’s thoughts and actions. The relationship between The Nurse and Juliet is even seen to be stronger than Juliet and her own mother’s relationship. We meet the nurse for the very first time in Act 1 scene 3, when lady Capulet announces to Juliet the marriage proposal of Lord Paris, and immediately we the nurse’s her loving side as she begins to talk about Juliet when she was a baby and gives a longwinded and explicit explanation on Juliet’s age, and that the death of Susan has bought her even closer to Juliet. â€Å"Even or odd, of all days in the year, Come Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen. Susan and she,God rest all Christian souls! Were of an age: well, Susan is with God; She was too good for me:but, as I said, On Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen; That shall she, marry; I remember it well. Tis since the earthquake now eleven years; And she was weand,I never shall forget it, Of all the days of the year, upon that day: For I had then laid wormwood to my dug, Sitting in the sun under the dove-house wall; My lord and you were then at Mantua: Nay, I do bear a brain:but, as I said, When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple Of my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool, To see it tetchy, and fall out with the dug! Shake, quoth the dove-house: twas no need, I trow, To bid me trudge. And since that time it is eleven years; For then she could stand alone; nay, by the rood She could have run and waddled all about; For even the day before, she broke her brow: And then my husband,God be with his soul! A was a merry man,took up the child: Yea, quoth he, dost thou fall upon thy face? Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit; Wilt thou not, Jule? and, by my holidame, The pretty wretch left crying, and said Ay: To see now how a jest shall come about! I warrant, an I should live a thousand yeas, I never should forget it; Wilt thou not, Jule? quoth he; And, pretty fool, it stinted, and said Ay. † The whole marriage concept took Juliet by surprise, even though she is only the age of 13, she was extremely excited. Lady Capulet treats the proposal with a degree of strained delicacy; the nurse on the other hand offers a far more down to earth interpretation of what young men can do for young women. Her idea of men is that they just get women pregnant- â€Å"No less nay, bigger women brow by men. † Shakespeare’s play also shows that the nurse has a vulgar sense of humour, which brings out the naturalness of sex and childbirth, revealing her realistic attitude to love. ‘Go Girl; seek happy nights to happy days’. The Nurse also plays an extremely significant role between Romeo and Juliet’s relationship and marriage. At the Capulet ball the nurse was used to find out who Romeo was for Juliet. â€Å"Go ask his name† (Juliet) When Juliet falls for Romeo and asks the nurse to find out about him, it is notable that she is not drawn into Juliet’s confidence; this appears to be the first time Juliet has concealed any secrets from her. The same was with Romeo, he asked the nurse to find out about Juliet. She was also used by Juliet after the Caplet ball to communicate with Romeo, to send information from one of the lovers to the other, acting as a courier. She is quick to warn Romeo not to lead Juliet into a ‘fool’s paradise’’. This part of the play again expresses her and Juliet’s tender relationship. The nurse is looking out for Juliet to make sure she is not going to get hurt, because the nurse thinks Juliet is gentle and young. Despite the fact that Romeo was raised to hate Capulets and Juliet was raised to hate Montagues, they both still fall in love with one another. Act 2 Scene 5 shows a playful side of Juliet and the nurse’s relationship, as she teases Juliet for her own entertainment- when she comes back from delivering Juliet’s marriage proposal to Romeo, the nurse jokes around with Juliet saying that she is so tired and she is out of breath. â€Å"Do you not see that I am out of breath? † She then uses facial expressions to try to persuade Juliet that the news she has is bad â€Å"Though news be sad. The nurse continues to lead Juliet on even when Juliet becomes very impatient. â€Å"I am a weary, give me leave awhile. † And finally she tells Juliet she will be married today. Even though the nurse does not have much of a relationship with Romeo because he is a Montague and she works for the Capulet, she still creates a strong liking toward him. For example in Act 2 scene 5, the Nurse gives a Physical summary of Romeo, his face, his hand, his foot, and his body and then finishes by saying he is very gentle and that Juliet has made a good choice. Well, you have made a simple choice; you know not how to choose a man: Romeo! no, not he; rhough his face be better than any mans, yet his leg excels all mens; and for a hand and a foot, and a body,though they be not to be talked on, yet they are past compare: he is not the flower of courtesy,but Ill warrant him as gentle as a lamb. Go thy ways, wench; serve God. -What, have you dined at home? † In act 3 scene 2 the nurse brings Juliet the shocking news of Tybalt (Juliet’s cousin)‘s death, who was one of the few that showed the nurse respect. Tybalt, the best friend I had! † â€Å"Tybalt, honest gentleman† And so she again has turned against Romeo and curses Romeo, convinced that Juliet would share the same feeling. â€Å"Shame comes to Romeo. † But the nurse also brings Juliet the news of Romeo being exiled, because of his murdering of Tybalt. But Juliet loves Romeo so much that she forgives him because if Romeo did not kill Tybalt, Tybalt would have killed Romeo. The nurse thinks that Juliet is foolish and she should not cry for Romeo. ‘Will you speak well of him that killed your cousin? ’ In act 3 scene 5 the force of Juliet’s grief persuades the nurse to render a final act of assistance by fetching Romeo from the Friar’s cell. At first, she tries to defend Juliet, by warning Romeo and Juliet that Lady Capulet is coming, so Romeo could depart from Juliet’s bedroom. The Capulets come to Juliet’s room to inform that the marriage with Paris has been bought forward. Juliet then turns to the nurse in desperation. But the nurse forfeited and betrayed their relationship by telling Juliet to marry Paris, as he is ‘A man of wax’, even though she knew this is not what Juliet wants. I think it best if you married with the county’ As the nurse deceives Juliet, the only person Juliet can turn to now is Friar Lawrence. Unfortunately for the nurse, her last duty was to discover the supposedly dead Juliet, in act 4 scenes 5. The nurse takes Juliet’s ‘death’ very poorly, as much as Juliet’s mother and father. â€Å"She’s dead, deceas’d, she’s dead, alack the day! Lady Capulet Alack the day, she’s dead, she’s dead, she’s dead! † The nurse’s grief is intense and devastating, but the play suggests that it seems a fair price to pay for her betrayal to Juliet. Overall, the nurse possesses many qualities such as being very hearty towards Juliet, kind, protective, compassionate, she is a loyal and loving lady. But some parts of the play indicate she can also be long-winded, insensitive, arrogant, insecure and foolish at times. Her relationship with Juliet is especially strong, partially as she imagines that Juliet is a substitute for her own daughter Susan. As faithful as she is to the Capulets, yet she will usually do what she believes is right or what Juliet wants, like secretly meeting with Romeo and arranging the wedding for Romeo and Juliet.

Brave New World The Advancement of Science Essay Example For Students

Brave New World: The Advancement of Science Essay Brave New World: The Advancement of ScienceChristy Campbell Mrs. Doig Eng OAC 2 16 May, 1996When thinking of progress, most people think of advances in thescientific fields, believing that most discoveries and technologies arebeneficial to society. Are these advances as beneficial as most people think?In the novel Brave New World, the author Aldous Huxley, warns readers thatscientific advances can be a threat to society. This is particularly evident inthe fields of biology, technology and psychology. According to Huxley, Thetheme of Brave New World is not the advancement of science as such; it is theadvancement of science as it affects human individuals(Huxley CLC 79 290). One scientific advance of which Huxley warns readers of is that inbiology. In the setting of Brave New World, henceforth referred to as thereservation, the mass production of humans is accomplished with the Bokanovskyprocess. In this process, human beings are genetically engineered inlaboratories. a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formedembryo, and every embryo into a full sized adult(Huxley Brave New World 4). One of the threats of this genetic breeding is that no family structures existon the reservation. Instead, humans are raised in conditioning centres. R.T. Oerton points out that Present knowledge indicates, for instance, that a childcannot be deprived of parents or parent figures, as were the children in BraveNew World, without suffering lasting pathological damage to hispersonality.(Oerton CLC 7 308). Another threat that the Bokanovsky processposes to society is that life is not highly valued. Murder kills only theindividual and, after all what is an individual? With a sweeping gesture he Mr. Foster, director of hatcheries and conditioning indicated the rows ofmicroscopes, the test-tubes, the incubators. We can make a new one with thegreatest ease-as many as we like(Huxley Brave New World 133). Human life holdsno value because it can be easily replaced through the Bokanovsky process. Furthermore, Bokanovskys method of mass production prevents individuality, ason the reservation, all people are cloned. Starting from the time of decanting,each embryo is genetically cloned to fall into one of the various social classes. Within each social class, all members are cloned to be intellectually andphysically equivalent. Biological technology helps to achieve this equality bygenetically shaping the minds of society. In Brave New World , onesintelligence depends on the amount of alcohol injected into their embryo. Forexample, one of the lower classes in society, Epsilons, have quite a high amountof alcohol injected in the decanting process. Mental faculty, therefore, ispredestined from the moment of cloning. By creating a world where humans aremass produced, Brave New World demonstrates that advances in biology can bedangerous if used without regard for the well being of the human race. According to Huxley, advances in technology can also be a threat to society. In Brave New World, everything is completely mechanized, eliminating the needfor creativity and imagination. Huxley warns us against mechanization, arguingthe machine dehumanizes men by demanding mechanical efficiency ofthem(Hillegas 114). Mans creativity is replaced with mundane tasks, becausemachines are able to do much of the work . The occupations available for peopleon the reservation, consist of repetitive mechanical operations. In Brave NewWorld, leisure activities are dominated by technology. The primary source ofentertainment is the feelies, a type of movie theatre in which all the sensesare artificially created. Instead of feeling the emotions portrayed on screen,the audience absorbs stimulated sensations. These stimulations prevent themfrom free thought, which threatens society by denying people from experiencingtheir own creativity and imagination. Furthermore, technology affectsentertainment by being incorporated into all games of play.Games consist ofadvanced technologi cal apparatus, and low organization, creating verysuperficial entertainment. According to Huxley, this frustrates one ofhumanitys vital needs to be creative. Men no longer amuse themselvescreatively but sit passively amused by mechanical devices(Hillegas 115). Amongtechnological advances, one danger Huxley warns of is the advance inpharmacology. In Brave New World, an artificial form of happiness is present ina drug called soma. Soma propels the user into a hallucinatory dream world,providing relief from negativity, allowing constant happinessPeople arerewarded for work by receiving rations of soma. The soma ration variesaccording to the social classes, with the lowest classes receiving the least,and the highest classes receiving the